Question 1

Fictive locomotion demonstrates

Accepted Answer

A)   Reliance on feedback for locomotion
B)   Central pattern generators
C)   The ability to walk through fictional environments, using virtual reality
D)   All of the aboveE) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 2

A demonstration of visual kinesthesis is that

Accepted Answer

A)   People tilt back when a seen wall approaches, showing that the approaching wall signals falling forward
B)   People tilt back when a seen wall approaches them, showing that the approaching wall signals falling backward
C)   People tilt forward when a seen wall approaches them, showing that the approaching wall signals falling forward
D)   People tilt forward when a seen wall approaches them, showing that the approaching wall signals falling backwardE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 3

Rats placed in well learned mazes

Accepted Answer

A)   Cannot find their way to the reward site if they are placed in a new start position
B)   Cannot find their way to the reward site if the maze is flooded, requiring swimming rather the previously used method of walking
C)   Cannot find their way to the reward site if they are placed in a new start position and must swim rather the previously used method of walking
D)   None of the aboveE) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 4

The idea that the physical layout of the external environment is directly specified by the optical array emanating from it is central to the theory of

Accepted Answer

A)   Ecological perception
B)   Route and survey maps
C)   Sway
D)   Anticipatory postural adjustmentsE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

External environments are typically represented as

Accepted Answer

A)   Survey routes and then route maps
B)   Route maps and then survey maps
C)   Neither as route maps nor as survey maps
D)   Either as route maps or as survey maps in a random orderE) B) and C)
F) C) and D) B

Question 6

Responses based on __________ are generally __________ than responses based on __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Preflexes, faster, reflexes
B)   Preflexes, slower, reflexes
C)   Preflexes, no faster or slower, reflexes
D)   Preflexes, slower, deliberate choiceE) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 7

Which of the following pertains)  to motor development?

Accepted Answer

A)   Nerve fibers become myelinated
B)   Cortical centers inhibit subcortical centers
C)   Development proceeds in a cephalo-caudal head-tail)  and proximal-distal medial-peripheral)  direction.
D)   All of the aboveE) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 8

Babies between 2 and 8 months can

Accepted Answer

A)   Step as well on land as in water, consistent with a physical account of the disappearance of stepping during this age range
B)   Step better in water than in land, consistent with a cognitive account of the disappearance of stepping during this age range
C)   Step better in water than in land, consistent with a physical account of the disappearance of stepping during this age range
D)   None of the aboveE) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 9

As discussed in the Walking chapter,

Accepted Answer

A)   EMGs in APAs benefit movement and stability
B)   EMGs in APAs benefit movement but not stability
C)   EMGs in APAs benefit stability but not movement
D)   EMGs in APAs benefit neither movement nor stabilityE) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 10

An indication of the power of motor development is that babies on jolly jumpers learn to

Accepted Answer

A)   Decrease the amplitudes of their jumps while increasing the variability of their jump periods
B)   Decrease the amplitudes of their jumps while decreasing the variability of their jump periods
C)   Increase the amplitudes of their jumps while increasing the variability of their jump periods
D)   Increase the amplitudes of their jumps while decreasing the variability of their jump periodsE) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 11

Angle-angle diagrams

Accepted Answer

A)   Plot joint angles as a function of time
B)   Plot angles of one joint against angles of another joint, with each point corresponding to a moment in time
C)   b, and such diagrams do not help diagnose gait disorders
D)   b, and such diagrams help diagnose gait disordersE) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 12

Which of the following results suggests that the brain plays a role in regulating postural stability?

Accepted Answer

A)   Responses to stretch of the gastrocnemius muscle depends on the participant's expectations about whether the stretch will have destabilizing influences
B)   Responses to stretch of the gastrocnemius muscle depends on the health of the cerebellum
C)   Responses to stretch of the gastrocnemius muscle depends on the health of the vestibular system
D)   All of the aboveE) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 13

Variability of footfall positions as runners approach a jump board in long jumping increase and then decrease. This outcome has been taken to suggest that

Accepted Answer

A)   Runners rely on visual feedback less and less as they approach the jump board
B)   Runners rely on visual feedback more and more as they approach the jump board
C)   Runners rely on visual feedback less and then more as they approach the jump board
D)   Runners rely on visual feedback more and then less as they approach the jump boardE) None of the above
F) A) and B) C

Question 14

Reliance on mechanics to help simplify the control of robots has led to the development of

Accepted Answer

A)   Active dynamic walkers
B)   Active static walkers
C)   Passive dynamic walkers
D)   Passive static walkers E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 15

According to the textbook, although walking is slower and more variable when walkers are engaged in cognitively taxing tasks than when they are not, it is unclear whether this is due to

Accepted Answer

A)   Motor control per se
B)   Visual guidance per se
C)   Both a and b
D)   None of the aboveE) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 16

The reason humans switch from walking to running when they locomote at speeds exceeding 2.5 m/s is that

Accepted Answer

A)   All animals use a variety of gaits
B)   This is how they were taught to control gait
C)   Walking at rates exceeding 2.5 m/s would require that one fall more quickly than gravity permits
D)   Walking at rates exceeding 2.5 m/s would require that one fall more slowly than gravity permitsE) All of the above
F) B) and C) C

Question 17

As more visual guidance is required in walking, the activity of neurons in the cortico-spinal tract

Accepted Answer

A)   Remains the same
B)   Increases
C)   Decreases
D)   Has yet to be studiedE) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 18

When babies are confronted with slopes, they may go down the slopes in a variety of ways, not in a single way. This outcome has been taken to show that

Accepted Answer

A)   Motor development follows a rigid maturational progression
B)   Motor development does not follow a rigid maturational progression
C)   Developing a theory of motor development puts the theorist on a slippery slope that should be avoided
D)   Developing a theory of motor development puts the theorist on a slippery slope that should not be avoidedE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 19

The same sensory input

Accepted Answer

A)   Has the same effect on locomotion no matter when it is applied during the step cycle, showing that sensory input has no effect on locomotion
B)   Has the same effect on locomotion no matter when it is applied during the step cycle, showing that sensory input has an effect on locomotion
C)   Has different effects on locomotion depending on when it is applied during the step cycle, showing that sensory input has no effect on locomotion
D)   Has different effects on locomotion depending on when it is applied during the step cycle, showing that sensory input has an effect on locomotionE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 20

In the tonic neck reflex, exhibited by neurologically normal infants,

Accepted Answer

A)   If the baby's head turns to the left, the baby's left arm and left leg both flex while the baby's right arm and right leg both extend
B)   If the baby's head turns to the left, the baby's left arm and left leg both extend while the baby's right arm and right leg both flex
C)   If the baby's head turns to the left, both arms extends and both legs flex
D)   If the baby's head turns to the left, both arms flex and both legs extendE) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Exam 5: Walking

Fictive locomotion demonstrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A demonstration of visual kinesthesis is that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Rats placed in well learned mazes

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The idea that the physical layout of the external environment is directly specified by the optical array emanating from it is central to the theory of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

External environments are typically represented as

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Responses based on __________ are generally __________ than responses based on __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following pertains) to motor development?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Babies between 2 and 8 months can

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

As discussed in the Walking chapter,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An indication of the power of motor development is that babies on jolly jumpers learn to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Angle-angle diagrams

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following results suggests that the brain plays a role in regulating postural stability?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Variability of footfall positions as runners approach a jump board in long jumping increase and then decrease. This outcome has been taken to suggest that

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Reliance on mechanics to help simplify the control of robots has led to the development of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the textbook, although walking is slower and more variable when walkers are engaged in cognitively taxing tasks than when they are not, it is unclear whether this is due to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The reason humans switch from walking to running when they locomote at speeds exceeding 2.5 m/s is that

Correct AnswerverifiedC

As more visual guidance is required in walking, the activity of neurons in the cortico-spinal tract

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When babies are confronted with slopes, they may go down the slopes in a variety of ways, not in a single way. This outcome has been taken to show that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The same sensory input

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the tonic neck reflex, exhibited by neurologically normal infants,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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B

Responses based on are generally than responses based on __.

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C

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C

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